22nd December 2021

A 72-year-old male presented one week ago with a history of pneumonia, which has been treated with IV antibiotics

A 72-year-old male presented one week ago with a history of pneumonia, which has been treated with IV antibiotics. He has a history of knee pain and hypertension. He does not have a temperature and is not tachycardic. Blood results show 1.5 times increase of creatinine over the past 48 hours and in this period, he has had minimal urine output. A bladder scan reveals > 500 ml of urine in the bladder.

Select the SINGLE most likely cause for his acute kidney injury (AKI) from the list below. Select ONE option only.