29th January 2024

Clinical features

Patients may present with acute limb ischaemia or symptoms of peripheral vascular disease. Early manifestations include superficial thrombophlebitis (often migratory) with tender nodules along the course of the vein, intermittent claudication and Raynaud phenomenon. Later stages of the disease may present with severe rest pain, cold peripheral extremities, trophic nail changes, ulceration or gangrene of the digits, which may autoamputate. Symptoms typically begin in the extremities but radiate more to the proximal parts of the body. Patients typically have normal brachial and popliteal pulses but poor or absent distal pulsations.