19th February 2024

A 52-year-old male presents a two-week history of oedema along his lower limb and sacrum

A 52-year-old male presents a two-week history of oedema along his lower limb and sacrum. He notes associated frothy urine without any associated haematuria. Blood tests were negative for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Urine dip shows 4+ protein. Blood tests showed severe hypoalbuminemia with raised triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Renal biopsy showed thickened glomerular walls with no proliferative changes. Immunofluorescence showed diffuse granular pattern staining for IgG along the glomerular walls.

Given the likely diagnosis, which autoantibodies have resulted in this condition?

Select the SINGLE most appropriate option from the list below. Select ONE option only.