6th March 2024

A 65-year-old man with heart failure on ramipril, bisoprolol, furosemide and eplerenone reports worsening shortness of breath, now at rest.

A 65-year-old man with heart failure on ramipril, bisoprolol, furosemide and eplerenone reports worsening shortness of breath, now at rest. He wants to understand the mechanism behind his worsening heart failure. His GP explains there is a failure in the Frank Starling mechanism. The Frank Starling law of the heart represents the relationship between which two cardiac volumes? 

Select the SINGLE most appropriate option from the list below. Select ONE option only.