Liver disease
Liver disease is a heterogeneous condition with complex interplay between different bleeding and thrombotic mechanisms. It is no longer thought that patients with liver disease are only more prone to bleeding – there is often both a prothrombotic and concomitant pro-bleeding state.
Common haematological derangements in liver disease include:
| Platelets | Low due to splenic sequestration secondary to portal hypertension, reduced thrombopoietin production by the liver, and bone marrow suppression from infection or alcohol. |
| Factors V, VII, IX, X and XI | Reduced production by the liver, leading to prolonged PT/APTT. Factors VII, IX and X require vitamin K for their production, and in patients who have vitamin K deficiency (e.g. in alcohol dependence or cholestatic liver disease) vitamin K administration may improve levels of some factors. PT/APTT is not necessarily useful in assessing coagulability in the context of liver disease, but it is a key component in the prognostic UK MELD scoring system. |
| Proteins C and S | Reduced production by the liver, which can contribute to a prothrombotic state. |
Platelets are often transfused once below 50 x 10-9 but INR is not routinely corrected.
For common procedures encountered in liver disease such as paracentesis, pre-procedure prophylaxis is not routinely recommended owing to the low bleeding risk. Prior to invasive procedures, a discussion between haematologists and hepatologists is advised to assess the overall bleeding/coagulable state of a given patient.
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