9th May 2025

A 30-year-old male attends the ED at his local hospital due to increased shortness of breath.

A 30-year-old male attends the ED at his local hospital due to increased shortness of breath. On examination, he is normotensive, pulse 72bpm and is regular. However, on auscultation, you note a fixed split second heart sound during expiration. His lungs are clear and have good equal air entry to both bases. 

Which of the following conditions are associated with the above auscultation sign?

Select the SINGLE most appropriate option from the list below. Select ONE option only.