11th May 2025

A 48-year-old woman presents with a long-standing history of progressive breathlessness and fatigue on exertion.

A 48-year-old woman presents with a long-standing history of progressive breathlessness and fatigue on exertion. She complains of increased ankle swelling and abdominal bloating. Following work up and investigations a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is made, and she is referred to a specialist centre for management. Which of the following pathophysiology is most associated with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension?

Which of the following mediator’s concentration within the plasma may be used as a marker of severity of IPAH?

Select the SINGLE most appropriate option from the list below. Select ONE option only.