23rd May 2025

Clinical picture

The most common manifestation for thyroid cancer is a painless palpable solitary thyroid nodule. Sometimes these nodules are discovered incidentally. Painful nodules are more suggestive of benign disease, haemorrhagic, or inflammatory changes.
Features of local infiltration or compression are fixed nodules; hoarseness of voice (due to recurrent laryngeal nerve infiltration); dyspnoea; dysphagia; or rare features such as Horner’s syndrome and SVC obstruction.
Painless cervical lymphadenopathy is more commonly seen in papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancers.
Features of distant metastasis are common with follicular and anaplastic thyroid cancer. Metastasis can be pulmonary, bones or brain with relevant features (e.g. pain, shortness of breath, neurological dysfunction)
Advanced medullary thyroid cancer shows paraneoplastic syndrome activity. Patients may present with flushing and diarrhoea due to excess calcitonin secretion from the tumour.

Complete Guide to Clinical Genetics ST3 Application and Recruitment (2027)

Written by Medibuddy. Last updated: October 2026. Clinical Genetics is

Recruitment paused: NHS England is not running Clinical Radiology ST3+ recru

Written by Medibuddy. Last updated: October 2026. If you’re planning

Our mobile app allows you to access your interview and exam question banks wherever you are.