25th May 2025

A 74-year-old smoker presents with reduced exercise tolerance and shortness of breath.

A 74-year-old smoker presents with reduced exercise tolerance and shortness of breath. She has had several bouts of purulent cough. She was previously short of breath on mobilising 10 meters 1 year ago but is currently short of breath climbing upstairs in her home. Examination reveals tachypnoea with bilateral wheezing and quiet breath sounds at the apices. She was seen to demonstrate pursed-lip breathing. CXR showed hyperinflated lungs with flattening of the diaphragms and a paucity of lung markings at the apices.

Which of the following spirometry results are expected?

Select the SINGLE most appropriate option from the list below. Select ONE option only.