26th June 2023

Causes of CTIN

Drugs
- Analgesics –paracetamol, aspirin, NSAIDs
- Lithium
- Calcineurin inhibitors – ciclosporin, tacrolimus
- Cisplatin
Metabolic
- Hypercalcaemia
- Hypokalaemia
- Hyperuricaemia (gout)
Chronic pyelonephritis
Heavy metals
- Lead, cadmium, gold, mercury
Autoimmune
- Sarcoidosis
- Sjogren’s syndrome
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (more associated with glomerular disease)
Haematological/Malignancy
- Sickle cell disease
- Multiple myeloma
- Lymphoproliferative disorders
Structural
- Reflux nephropathy
- Obstructive nephropathy (most often secondary to renal calculus)
Congenital
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Cystinosis
- Dent disease
Balkan endemic nephropathy – long-term exposure to aristolochic acid found in cereal products in Balkan areas plus a genetic predisposition
Aristolochic acid nephropathy (found in herbal remedies)
Progressive glomerular diseases (glomerulonephritides, diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy).

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