19th January 2024

A 35-year-old male with a background of Crohn’s disease presents with right knee and ankle pain and swelling.

A 35-year-old male with a background of Crohn’s disease presents with right knee and ankle pain and swelling. Over the past few years, he has also developed tender erythematous nodules on both shins. His last colonoscopy revealed the presence of active inflammation in the descending colon. He has no other medical conditions, although his father has psoriatic arthritis. He is a current smoker.

Which of the following is not a risk factor for the development of arthritis in patients with IBD?

Select the SINGLE most appropriate option from the list below. Select ONE option only.