7th February 2024

A 76-year-old male with known heart failure is currently on bisoprolol, lisinopril, digoxin and spironolactone.

A 76-year-old male with known heart failure is currently on bisoprolol, lisinopril, digoxin and spironolactone. One of his medication doses was increased recently. Four weeks later, he experienced a yellow-green tint and blurry vision. This is felt to be secondary to his medication.

Given the likely causative medication, how does this medication affect the cardiac output?