27th June 2023

An 85-year-old lady presents with frequent episodes of incontinence.

An 85-year-old lady presents with frequent episodes of incontinence. She reports that these episodes most commonly happen after sneezing or coughing. She has a background of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and a BMI of 39. Which of the following interventions is the most appropriate management option if symptoms did not improve with lifestyle changes or pelvic floor exercises?