3rd June 2026

Epidemiology

Modifiable factors include: 

• Hypertension
• Hyperlipidaemia (specifically high LDL, low HLD) 
• Smoking 
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• Excess alcohol
• Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) 
• Presence of implantable cardiac devices 
• Chronic haemodialysis

Non-modifiable factors include: 

• Male sex
• Age
• Genetics (e.g familial hypercholesterolaemia)
• Inflammatory conditions
• Autoimmune conditions