Imaging
- Chest X-ray: in acute decompensated heart failure, a chest x-ray may reveal signs of pulmonary congestion (ABCDE: Alveolar shadowing, kerley B lines, Cardiomegaly, Dilated upper lobe vasculature, Effusion)
- Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE): Ultrasound based imaging to assess the left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac wall thickness, wall motion, valve functions and ventricular cavity size.
- Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR): This specialist imaging provides further detail on viability of the myocardium and extent of fibrosis. This can also assess the level of myocardial perfusion.
- Cardiac CT: To assess coronary vasculature for obstruction
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