17th February 2025

COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which infiltrates the lungs through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor on type II alveolar cells in the lungs.

The classic symptoms include fever, anosmia and cough. A small proportion of people may develop a viral pneumonia which can deteriorate into severe respiratory dysfunction or multi-organ failure.

Diagnosis may be clinical or based on an RT-PCR test, although lateral flow immunochromatic assays may be used in a community setting. Blood tests typically show lymphopenia and may show thrombocytopenia. Chest X-ray may show bilateral consolidation and a CT typically shows ground glass opacities in a peripheral distribution. Pulmonary embolism risk is increased and CTPA should be considered.

Treatment is often supportive but dexamethasone is recommended for those requiring oxygen, as well as interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitors such as tocilizumab or sarilumab. In extreme circumstances, patients may require intubation or other organ support such as dialysis.