15th July 2024

Clinical presentation

Pain and AKI are the commonly seen clinical presentations. Haematuria can be microscopic or macroscopic, whilst patients may also give a history of recurrent urine infections. Progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) may also be a possible presentation in those with recurrent obstruction, infection and renal interstitial damage.

Patents may also have lifestyle factors which put them at risk of renal stones, such as fluid restriction to avoid bathroom breaks in the case of taxi drivers. Or they may have systemic disorders predisposing, such as gouty tophi.