6th May 2025

A 70-year-old lady has been admitted onto the cardiology ward with increased lethargy, swollen ankles and a distended abdomen.

A 70-year-old lady has been admitted onto the cardiology ward with increased lethargy, swollen ankles and a distended abdomen. She reports that she has been sleeping on the couch sitting upright for the past month as she gets very breathless when she lies flat on her bed. Her echocardiogram confirms left ventricular dysfunction and a reduced ejection fraction. 

Which of the following is most in keeping with left sided heart failure?

Select the SINGLE most appropriate option from the list below. Select ONE option only.