4th September 2020

A 12-year-old boy presents to A&E with a two-day history of moderate left scrotal pain

A 12-year-old boy presents to A&E with a two-day history of moderate left scrotal pain. On examination, the testis has a normal lie, and there is a small, tender mass at the superior pole of the testis that appears blue under the skin. The cremasteric reflex is present, and the Phren’s sign is positive. He is otherwise well, and a urine dip is negative. The clinical diagnosis of a torted testicular appendage is made.

Under which circumstances would surgical intervention of a torted testicular appendage be indicated?

Which THREE of the following are correct? Select THREE options only.