A 92-year-old patient is an inpatient on a cardiac ward.
| Date | Drug Name | Dose | Route | Frequency | Prescribers Signature |
| 17/03/2023 | Aspirin | 75mg | PO | OD | DR |
| 17/03/2023 | Furosemide | 40mg | IV | BD | DR |
| 17/03/2023 | Bisoprolol | 1.25mg | PO | OD | DR |
| 17/03/2023 | Spironolactone | 50mg | PO | OD | DR |
| 17/03/2023 | Metformin | 1g | PO | BD | DR |
A 92-year-old patient is an inpatient on a cardiac ward. He has type 2 diabetes, controlled on metformin, and congestive heart failure, which has decompensated, leading to pulmonary and peripheral oedema. His drug chart is above. The renal team have come to assess him as his renal function shows an AKI (stage 3).
Which THREE medications can put extra strain on the kidneys?
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